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human foreskin fibroblast cell line hff 1  (ATCC)


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    Structured Review

    ATCC human foreskin fibroblast cell line hff 1
    (A) Metabolic activity of <t>the</t> <t>HFF-1</t> cells was assessed after 16 h of treatment with increasing concentrations of the Hsp70 inhibitors or the equivalent volume of the DMSO control. The percentage of metabolically active cells is presented relative to the DMSO control. A decrease of 15% in metabolically active cells was considered non-toxic (dotted line represents 85%). (B) HFF-1 cells were infected with CHIKV-LR OPY1 at MOI 5 while treated with 2 µM or 1 µM of JG98 or JG345, respectively, and virus production was assessed at 9 hpi via plaque assay. Data are presented as mean±SEM from three independent experiments, and statistical differences were determined via One-way ANOVA and presented when p≤0.05 with *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, ****p ≤ 0.001.
    Human Foreskin Fibroblast Cell Line Hff 1, supplied by ATCC, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 99/100, based on 1621 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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    human foreskin fibroblast cell line hff 1 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-02
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    Images

    1) Product Images from "The Heat shock protein 70 machinery is crucial in the production of infectious chikungunya virus progeny"

    Article Title: The Heat shock protein 70 machinery is crucial in the production of infectious chikungunya virus progeny

    Journal: bioRxiv

    doi: 10.64898/2026.01.26.701664

    (A) Metabolic activity of the HFF-1 cells was assessed after 16 h of treatment with increasing concentrations of the Hsp70 inhibitors or the equivalent volume of the DMSO control. The percentage of metabolically active cells is presented relative to the DMSO control. A decrease of 15% in metabolically active cells was considered non-toxic (dotted line represents 85%). (B) HFF-1 cells were infected with CHIKV-LR OPY1 at MOI 5 while treated with 2 µM or 1 µM of JG98 or JG345, respectively, and virus production was assessed at 9 hpi via plaque assay. Data are presented as mean±SEM from three independent experiments, and statistical differences were determined via One-way ANOVA and presented when p≤0.05 with *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, ****p ≤ 0.001.
    Figure Legend Snippet: (A) Metabolic activity of the HFF-1 cells was assessed after 16 h of treatment with increasing concentrations of the Hsp70 inhibitors or the equivalent volume of the DMSO control. The percentage of metabolically active cells is presented relative to the DMSO control. A decrease of 15% in metabolically active cells was considered non-toxic (dotted line represents 85%). (B) HFF-1 cells were infected with CHIKV-LR OPY1 at MOI 5 while treated with 2 µM or 1 µM of JG98 or JG345, respectively, and virus production was assessed at 9 hpi via plaque assay. Data are presented as mean±SEM from three independent experiments, and statistical differences were determined via One-way ANOVA and presented when p≤0.05 with *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, ****p ≤ 0.001.

    Techniques Used: Activity Assay, Control, Metabolic Labelling, Infection, Virus, Plaque Assay

    Metabolic activity of (A) U2OS and (B) HFF-1 cells was assessed after 16 h of treatment with increasing concentrations of JG231 or the equivalent volume of the DMSO control. The percentage of metabolically active cells is presented relative to the DMSO control. A decrease of 15% in metabolically active cells was considered non-toxic (dotted line represents 85%). (C) U2OS cells and (D) HFF-1 cells were infected with CHIKV-LR for 9 h in the presence of 2 µM JG231 or the DMSO control. Supernatants were collected, and the number of infectious particles in the supernatant was determined using the plaque assay. (E and F) Mouse skin explants were infected with 10 6 PFU/mL of the CHIKV 899 strain during treatment with 2 µM JG231 or an equal volume of DMSO. (E) Infectious virus production (tissue culture infectious dose 50% (TCID 50 )) and (F) total virus production (GEC) at 2 dpi is displayed per mg tissue. The dotted line indicates the limit of quantification (LOQ). To evaluate statistical differences from the DMSO control, we used a Student T-test, and differences are presented when p≤0.05 with *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, ****p ≤ 0.001.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Metabolic activity of (A) U2OS and (B) HFF-1 cells was assessed after 16 h of treatment with increasing concentrations of JG231 or the equivalent volume of the DMSO control. The percentage of metabolically active cells is presented relative to the DMSO control. A decrease of 15% in metabolically active cells was considered non-toxic (dotted line represents 85%). (C) U2OS cells and (D) HFF-1 cells were infected with CHIKV-LR for 9 h in the presence of 2 µM JG231 or the DMSO control. Supernatants were collected, and the number of infectious particles in the supernatant was determined using the plaque assay. (E and F) Mouse skin explants were infected with 10 6 PFU/mL of the CHIKV 899 strain during treatment with 2 µM JG231 or an equal volume of DMSO. (E) Infectious virus production (tissue culture infectious dose 50% (TCID 50 )) and (F) total virus production (GEC) at 2 dpi is displayed per mg tissue. The dotted line indicates the limit of quantification (LOQ). To evaluate statistical differences from the DMSO control, we used a Student T-test, and differences are presented when p≤0.05 with *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, ****p ≤ 0.001.

    Techniques Used: Activity Assay, Control, Metabolic Labelling, Infection, Plaque Assay, Virus



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    ATCC human foreskin fibroblast cell line hff 1
    (A) Metabolic activity of <t>the</t> <t>HFF-1</t> cells was assessed after 16 h of treatment with increasing concentrations of the Hsp70 inhibitors or the equivalent volume of the DMSO control. The percentage of metabolically active cells is presented relative to the DMSO control. A decrease of 15% in metabolically active cells was considered non-toxic (dotted line represents 85%). (B) HFF-1 cells were infected with CHIKV-LR OPY1 at MOI 5 while treated with 2 µM or 1 µM of JG98 or JG345, respectively, and virus production was assessed at 9 hpi via plaque assay. Data are presented as mean±SEM from three independent experiments, and statistical differences were determined via One-way ANOVA and presented when p≤0.05 with *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, ****p ≤ 0.001.
    Human Foreskin Fibroblast Cell Line Hff 1, supplied by ATCC, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 99/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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    ATCC human foreskin fibroblast cell line
    (A) Metabolic activity of <t>the</t> <t>HFF-1</t> cells was assessed after 16 h of treatment with increasing concentrations of the Hsp70 inhibitors or the equivalent volume of the DMSO control. The percentage of metabolically active cells is presented relative to the DMSO control. A decrease of 15% in metabolically active cells was considered non-toxic (dotted line represents 85%). (B) HFF-1 cells were infected with CHIKV-LR OPY1 at MOI 5 while treated with 2 µM or 1 µM of JG98 or JG345, respectively, and virus production was assessed at 9 hpi via plaque assay. Data are presented as mean±SEM from three independent experiments, and statistical differences were determined via One-way ANOVA and presented when p≤0.05 with *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, ****p ≤ 0.001.
    Human Foreskin Fibroblast Cell Line, supplied by ATCC, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 99/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/result/human foreskin fibroblast cell line/product/ATCC
    Average 99 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    human foreskin fibroblast cell line - by Bioz Stars, 2026-02
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    ATCC human foreskin fibroblast hff cell line
    (A) Metabolic activity of <t>the</t> <t>HFF-1</t> cells was assessed after 16 h of treatment with increasing concentrations of the Hsp70 inhibitors or the equivalent volume of the DMSO control. The percentage of metabolically active cells is presented relative to the DMSO control. A decrease of 15% in metabolically active cells was considered non-toxic (dotted line represents 85%). (B) HFF-1 cells were infected with CHIKV-LR OPY1 at MOI 5 while treated with 2 µM or 1 µM of JG98 or JG345, respectively, and virus production was assessed at 9 hpi via plaque assay. Data are presented as mean±SEM from three independent experiments, and statistical differences were determined via One-way ANOVA and presented when p≤0.05 with *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, ****p ≤ 0.001.
    Human Foreskin Fibroblast Hff Cell Line, supplied by ATCC, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 99/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/result/human foreskin fibroblast hff cell line/product/ATCC
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    ATCC research cell line source s human foreskin fibroblasts
    (A) Metabolic activity of <t>the</t> <t>HFF-1</t> cells was assessed after 16 h of treatment with increasing concentrations of the Hsp70 inhibitors or the equivalent volume of the DMSO control. The percentage of metabolically active cells is presented relative to the DMSO control. A decrease of 15% in metabolically active cells was considered non-toxic (dotted line represents 85%). (B) HFF-1 cells were infected with CHIKV-LR OPY1 at MOI 5 while treated with 2 µM or 1 µM of JG98 or JG345, respectively, and virus production was assessed at 9 hpi via plaque assay. Data are presented as mean±SEM from three independent experiments, and statistical differences were determined via One-way ANOVA and presented when p≤0.05 with *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, ****p ≤ 0.001.
    Research Cell Line Source S Human Foreskin Fibroblasts, supplied by ATCC, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 99/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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    ATCC human foreskin fibroblast 1 hff1 cell line
    Measuring endocytic and autophagic factors by FICC. A, Schematic of endocytosis (red markers) and autophagy (green markers). B, C, Images from light microscopy (B, upper panels) and corresponding CellProfiler (B, lower panels), or confocal microscopy (C) in <t>HFF1</t> cells. Images show LC3 and LAMP2 in green and RAB5 and RAB7 in red fluorescence for four different combinations: LC3/RAB5, LC3/RAB7, LAMP2/RAB5, and LAMP2/RAB7. Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI. The insets in (C) depict magnifications from YZ or XZ planes as indicated. Size bars: 5 µm in (B), 20 µm in (C). For visualization purposes, the colors in the CellProfiler images (B) have been amplified. D, CellProfiler data on speckles counts per area and sizes for LC3, LAMP2, RAB5, and RAB7 for naïve AD, OC, and YC cells. Data are from 200 cells per group. One‐way analysis of variance with Sǐdák multiple comparisons was used for group comparisons depicting ns < 0.1; * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001. AD, late‐onset Alzheimer's disease patient; HFF1, human foreskin fibroblast 1; FICC, fluorescence immunocytochemistry; LAMP2, lysosomal associated membrane protein 2; LC3, microtubule‐associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3; LOAD, late‐onset Alzheimer's disease; OC, non‐demented age‐matched control; RAB5, Ras related protein 5; RAB7, Ras related protein 7; YC, healthy young control.
    Human Foreskin Fibroblast 1 Hff1 Cell Line, supplied by ATCC, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 99/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/result/human foreskin fibroblast 1 hff1 cell line/product/ATCC
    Average 99 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    human foreskin fibroblast 1 hff1 cell line - by Bioz Stars, 2026-02
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    ATCC human foreskin fibroblast hff 1 cell line
    Measuring endocytic and autophagic factors by FICC. A, Schematic of endocytosis (red markers) and autophagy (green markers). B, C, Images from light microscopy (B, upper panels) and corresponding CellProfiler (B, lower panels), or confocal microscopy (C) in <t>HFF1</t> cells. Images show LC3 and LAMP2 in green and RAB5 and RAB7 in red fluorescence for four different combinations: LC3/RAB5, LC3/RAB7, LAMP2/RAB5, and LAMP2/RAB7. Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI. The insets in (C) depict magnifications from YZ or XZ planes as indicated. Size bars: 5 µm in (B), 20 µm in (C). For visualization purposes, the colors in the CellProfiler images (B) have been amplified. D, CellProfiler data on speckles counts per area and sizes for LC3, LAMP2, RAB5, and RAB7 for naïve AD, OC, and YC cells. Data are from 200 cells per group. One‐way analysis of variance with Sǐdák multiple comparisons was used for group comparisons depicting ns < 0.1; * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001. AD, late‐onset Alzheimer's disease patient; HFF1, human foreskin fibroblast 1; FICC, fluorescence immunocytochemistry; LAMP2, lysosomal associated membrane protein 2; LC3, microtubule‐associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3; LOAD, late‐onset Alzheimer's disease; OC, non‐demented age‐matched control; RAB5, Ras related protein 5; RAB7, Ras related protein 7; YC, healthy young control.
    Human Foreskin Fibroblast Hff 1 Cell Line, supplied by ATCC, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 99/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/result/human foreskin fibroblast hff 1 cell line/product/ATCC
    Average 99 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    human foreskin fibroblast hff 1 cell line - by Bioz Stars, 2026-02
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    ATCC resazurin reduction assay human foreskin fibroblast cell line 1
    Measuring endocytic and autophagic factors by FICC. A, Schematic of endocytosis (red markers) and autophagy (green markers). B, C, Images from light microscopy (B, upper panels) and corresponding CellProfiler (B, lower panels), or confocal microscopy (C) in <t>HFF1</t> cells. Images show LC3 and LAMP2 in green and RAB5 and RAB7 in red fluorescence for four different combinations: LC3/RAB5, LC3/RAB7, LAMP2/RAB5, and LAMP2/RAB7. Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI. The insets in (C) depict magnifications from YZ or XZ planes as indicated. Size bars: 5 µm in (B), 20 µm in (C). For visualization purposes, the colors in the CellProfiler images (B) have been amplified. D, CellProfiler data on speckles counts per area and sizes for LC3, LAMP2, RAB5, and RAB7 for naïve AD, OC, and YC cells. Data are from 200 cells per group. One‐way analysis of variance with Sǐdák multiple comparisons was used for group comparisons depicting ns < 0.1; * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001. AD, late‐onset Alzheimer's disease patient; HFF1, human foreskin fibroblast 1; FICC, fluorescence immunocytochemistry; LAMP2, lysosomal associated membrane protein 2; LC3, microtubule‐associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3; LOAD, late‐onset Alzheimer's disease; OC, non‐demented age‐matched control; RAB5, Ras related protein 5; RAB7, Ras related protein 7; YC, healthy young control.
    Resazurin Reduction Assay Human Foreskin Fibroblast Cell Line 1, supplied by ATCC, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 99/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/result/resazurin reduction assay human foreskin fibroblast cell line 1/product/ATCC
    Average 99 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    resazurin reduction assay human foreskin fibroblast cell line 1 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-02
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    Image Search Results


    (A) Metabolic activity of the HFF-1 cells was assessed after 16 h of treatment with increasing concentrations of the Hsp70 inhibitors or the equivalent volume of the DMSO control. The percentage of metabolically active cells is presented relative to the DMSO control. A decrease of 15% in metabolically active cells was considered non-toxic (dotted line represents 85%). (B) HFF-1 cells were infected with CHIKV-LR OPY1 at MOI 5 while treated with 2 µM or 1 µM of JG98 or JG345, respectively, and virus production was assessed at 9 hpi via plaque assay. Data are presented as mean±SEM from three independent experiments, and statistical differences were determined via One-way ANOVA and presented when p≤0.05 with *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, ****p ≤ 0.001.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: The Heat shock protein 70 machinery is crucial in the production of infectious chikungunya virus progeny

    doi: 10.64898/2026.01.26.701664

    Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Metabolic activity of the HFF-1 cells was assessed after 16 h of treatment with increasing concentrations of the Hsp70 inhibitors or the equivalent volume of the DMSO control. The percentage of metabolically active cells is presented relative to the DMSO control. A decrease of 15% in metabolically active cells was considered non-toxic (dotted line represents 85%). (B) HFF-1 cells were infected with CHIKV-LR OPY1 at MOI 5 while treated with 2 µM or 1 µM of JG98 or JG345, respectively, and virus production was assessed at 9 hpi via plaque assay. Data are presented as mean±SEM from three independent experiments, and statistical differences were determined via One-way ANOVA and presented when p≤0.05 with *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, ****p ≤ 0.001.

    Article Snippet: The human bone osteosarcoma epithelial cell line U2OS (ATCC HTB-96) and human foreskin fibroblast cell line HFF-1 (ATCC SCRC-1041) were maintained in Dulbecco’s minimal essential medium (DMEM), high glucose, GlutaMAX tm, and sodium pyruvate (Gibco), supplemented with penicillin-streptomycin (P/S; 100U/mL, Gibco) and 10% or 15% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Lonza), respectively.

    Techniques: Activity Assay, Control, Metabolic Labelling, Infection, Virus, Plaque Assay

    Metabolic activity of (A) U2OS and (B) HFF-1 cells was assessed after 16 h of treatment with increasing concentrations of JG231 or the equivalent volume of the DMSO control. The percentage of metabolically active cells is presented relative to the DMSO control. A decrease of 15% in metabolically active cells was considered non-toxic (dotted line represents 85%). (C) U2OS cells and (D) HFF-1 cells were infected with CHIKV-LR for 9 h in the presence of 2 µM JG231 or the DMSO control. Supernatants were collected, and the number of infectious particles in the supernatant was determined using the plaque assay. (E and F) Mouse skin explants were infected with 10 6 PFU/mL of the CHIKV 899 strain during treatment with 2 µM JG231 or an equal volume of DMSO. (E) Infectious virus production (tissue culture infectious dose 50% (TCID 50 )) and (F) total virus production (GEC) at 2 dpi is displayed per mg tissue. The dotted line indicates the limit of quantification (LOQ). To evaluate statistical differences from the DMSO control, we used a Student T-test, and differences are presented when p≤0.05 with *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, ****p ≤ 0.001.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: The Heat shock protein 70 machinery is crucial in the production of infectious chikungunya virus progeny

    doi: 10.64898/2026.01.26.701664

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Metabolic activity of (A) U2OS and (B) HFF-1 cells was assessed after 16 h of treatment with increasing concentrations of JG231 or the equivalent volume of the DMSO control. The percentage of metabolically active cells is presented relative to the DMSO control. A decrease of 15% in metabolically active cells was considered non-toxic (dotted line represents 85%). (C) U2OS cells and (D) HFF-1 cells were infected with CHIKV-LR for 9 h in the presence of 2 µM JG231 or the DMSO control. Supernatants were collected, and the number of infectious particles in the supernatant was determined using the plaque assay. (E and F) Mouse skin explants were infected with 10 6 PFU/mL of the CHIKV 899 strain during treatment with 2 µM JG231 or an equal volume of DMSO. (E) Infectious virus production (tissue culture infectious dose 50% (TCID 50 )) and (F) total virus production (GEC) at 2 dpi is displayed per mg tissue. The dotted line indicates the limit of quantification (LOQ). To evaluate statistical differences from the DMSO control, we used a Student T-test, and differences are presented when p≤0.05 with *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, ****p ≤ 0.001.

    Article Snippet: The human bone osteosarcoma epithelial cell line U2OS (ATCC HTB-96) and human foreskin fibroblast cell line HFF-1 (ATCC SCRC-1041) were maintained in Dulbecco’s minimal essential medium (DMEM), high glucose, GlutaMAX tm, and sodium pyruvate (Gibco), supplemented with penicillin-streptomycin (P/S; 100U/mL, Gibco) and 10% or 15% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Lonza), respectively.

    Techniques: Activity Assay, Control, Metabolic Labelling, Infection, Plaque Assay, Virus

    Measuring endocytic and autophagic factors by FICC. A, Schematic of endocytosis (red markers) and autophagy (green markers). B, C, Images from light microscopy (B, upper panels) and corresponding CellProfiler (B, lower panels), or confocal microscopy (C) in HFF1 cells. Images show LC3 and LAMP2 in green and RAB5 and RAB7 in red fluorescence for four different combinations: LC3/RAB5, LC3/RAB7, LAMP2/RAB5, and LAMP2/RAB7. Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI. The insets in (C) depict magnifications from YZ or XZ planes as indicated. Size bars: 5 µm in (B), 20 µm in (C). For visualization purposes, the colors in the CellProfiler images (B) have been amplified. D, CellProfiler data on speckles counts per area and sizes for LC3, LAMP2, RAB5, and RAB7 for naïve AD, OC, and YC cells. Data are from 200 cells per group. One‐way analysis of variance with Sǐdák multiple comparisons was used for group comparisons depicting ns < 0.1; * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001. AD, late‐onset Alzheimer's disease patient; HFF1, human foreskin fibroblast 1; FICC, fluorescence immunocytochemistry; LAMP2, lysosomal associated membrane protein 2; LC3, microtubule‐associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3; LOAD, late‐onset Alzheimer's disease; OC, non‐demented age‐matched control; RAB5, Ras related protein 5; RAB7, Ras related protein 7; YC, healthy young control.

    Journal: Alzheimer's & Dementia

    Article Title: Interconnections of insulin/IGF‐1 signaling and autophagy abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease

    doi: 10.1002/alz.70099

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Measuring endocytic and autophagic factors by FICC. A, Schematic of endocytosis (red markers) and autophagy (green markers). B, C, Images from light microscopy (B, upper panels) and corresponding CellProfiler (B, lower panels), or confocal microscopy (C) in HFF1 cells. Images show LC3 and LAMP2 in green and RAB5 and RAB7 in red fluorescence for four different combinations: LC3/RAB5, LC3/RAB7, LAMP2/RAB5, and LAMP2/RAB7. Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI. The insets in (C) depict magnifications from YZ or XZ planes as indicated. Size bars: 5 µm in (B), 20 µm in (C). For visualization purposes, the colors in the CellProfiler images (B) have been amplified. D, CellProfiler data on speckles counts per area and sizes for LC3, LAMP2, RAB5, and RAB7 for naïve AD, OC, and YC cells. Data are from 200 cells per group. One‐way analysis of variance with Sǐdák multiple comparisons was used for group comparisons depicting ns < 0.1; * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001. AD, late‐onset Alzheimer's disease patient; HFF1, human foreskin fibroblast 1; FICC, fluorescence immunocytochemistry; LAMP2, lysosomal associated membrane protein 2; LC3, microtubule‐associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3; LOAD, late‐onset Alzheimer's disease; OC, non‐demented age‐matched control; RAB5, Ras related protein 5; RAB7, Ras related protein 7; YC, healthy young control.

    Article Snippet: The human foreskin fibroblast 1 (HFF1) cell line was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (SCRC‐1041).

    Techniques: Light Microscopy, Confocal Microscopy, Fluorescence, Amplification, Immunocytochemistry, Membrane, Control